# Pool types

## Volatile pools

### Classic pool (CPMM v1)

* All fees collected from swaps are auto-compouded into the pool and users' liquidity positions, thus increasing in value each of their [LP (Liquidity Provider) tokens](#user-content-fn-1)[^1].
* Default trading fee for such pools is 0.25%, but levels in range from 0.1% to 1% are also possible.

{% hint style="warning" %}
Pools were available for creation till **Nov 17, 2025**. All pools are still functioning, but users can't create new ones [via DeDust user interface](#user-content-fn-2)[^2].
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{% hint style="success" %}
Liquidity deposits / withdrawals are available. Meanwhile, it's reasonable to move liquidity to CPMM v2 pools.
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Classic pool is an Automated Market Maker pool, using the "Constant Product" formula (CPMM[^3]):

{% hint style="info" %}
***x \* y = k**, where*\
*x — amount of token A in the pool*\
*y — amount of token B in the pool*\
*k — constant value, which is true for any state of the pool, defining pool's exchange rate with every new swap*
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### Claimable fees pool (CPMM v2)

* All trading fees are accumulated separately from user's liquidity position.\
  This allows liquidity providers to claim earned fees anytime, without necessity to withdraw liquidity. What is more important, it allows liquidity providers to **earn and** [**claim fees**](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/liquidity/earnings) **when liquidity is locked**.

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What is essential is that the liquidity lock must be done within the [liquidity deposit](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/liquidity/deposit) process on DeDust.
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* Creating a pool, liquidity providers are able to choose trading fee tiers, from 0.25% up to 10%. Thus for the same trading pair several liquidity pools, with different trading fee tiers, may exist. [Router](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/trade/router) will always choose the most profitable ones for every user's trade.
* Creating a pool, users may choose in which of two pool's tokens (or both) they'd like to receive earned fees.

{% hint style="info" %}
If for collecting fees only one of tokens is selected, then part of a fee withheld in another token is [automaticaly converted](#user-content-fn-4)[^4] into it during swaps. And it's always distributed to liquidity providers in a token, defined by the pool.
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* During the liquidity deposit process, users are able to permanently lock their liquidity 🔜
* Pool creation may be postponed and scheduled for specific date and time 🔜
* Pool supports [Creator fee](#user-content-fn-5)[^5], additional kind of fee apart from [Trading fee](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/protocol/fees#fee-for-swaps-or-trading-fee), allowing pool creators to earn and collect fees from trades. This may be useful for memepads[^6] and creators of [tokens with tax](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/trade/swap/tax).

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CPMM v2 pools are [introduced](https://t.me/dedust_en/132) on **Nov 17, 2025** and available for creation, deposits / withdrawals by all users.
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{% hint style="info" %}
CPMM v2 pools use the same Constant Product formula as CPMM v1 pools. But unlike CPMM v1 pools, CPMM v2 pools don’t assume handling of LP tokens, thus liquidity positions can't be moved between wallets. Records about all users positions are stored in the blockchain on smart contract level.
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## Stable-swap pools

This type of pools is optimized for pairs of assets of near-equal value (e.g. USDT / USDe, TON / stTON). 

It uses same as CPMM v1 pools model with auto-compounded fees. But unlike CPMM pools, stable-swap pools have pretty low trading fee, only 0.05%, and use different formula:

{% hint style="info" %}
***x^3 \* y + y^3 \* x = k**, where*\
*x — amount of token A in the pool*\
*y — amount of token B in the pool*\
*k — constant value, which is true for any state of the pool, defining pool's exchange rate with every new swap*
{% endhint %}

This allows to avoid high [price impact](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/trade/advanced/price_impact) and significantly shift the exchange rate with every new swap.

[^1]: When users deposit A and B tokens to liqiudity pool, in return they get LP tokens, as a proof of their positions in the pool. With every swap in such pool, LP tokens reflect not only A and B tokens initially placed to the pool, but also collected [trading fees](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/protocol/fees#fee-for-swaps-or-trading-fee).

[^2]: But you still can do it on smart contract level. Use the [documentation](https://hub.dedust.io/), if needed.

[^3]: Constant Product Market Maker, in short. Often also called 'Volatile pool'.

[^4]: In other words, liquidity providers aren't losing another part of fees, if only one of tokens is selected to accumulate fees.

[^5]: To create pools with Creator fee [contact our team](https://help.dedust.io/en/ru/about/contacts) for assistance.

[^6]: Popular platforms for launching tokens on TON, like [Uranus](https://x1000.finance/launches/new) on [x1000](https://help.x1000.finance), Blum, GasPump, Memes Lab, etc.